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For the second time in as many years, a major political scandal related to U.S. presidential-election campaigns has traced its way back to the Ukraine, an Eastern European nation of 42 million, riven by tensions between Russia and the West and weakened by systemic corruption.
The first was a fraud case against President Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign manager Paul Manafort. Now, Trump is facing a House impeachment inquiry based on last week’s riveting disclosures by a whistleblower accusing him of pressuring the new Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate former Democratic Vice President Joe Biden—the U.S. commander in chief’s potential 2020 reelection rival. Trump denies any wrongdoing.
Why U.S. political scandals should originate in Ukraine has a simpler explanation than geopolitics: Money, and the high demand for American image-smoothing services.
“Ukrainian oligarchs and corrupt officials spend enormous amount of money for whitewashing in Western countries,” distributing large fees to Westerners who choose not to scrutinize the source of the funds, said Daria Kalenyuk, executive director of Ukraine’s Anti-Corruption Action Center, a Kyiv-based nonprofit that helps shape anti-corruption policies.
“In the end, there are big flows of easy money,” Kalenyuk said.
Ukraine’s ongoing conflict with Russia and the critical role the country plays in U.S. and European relations with Moscow have given Ukraine an elevated geopolitical importance, but in the context of the latest scandals that’s irrelevant, said James Sherr, a veteran analyst of Ukraine who is now a senior fellow at the Estonian Foreign Policy Institute, a Tallinn-based think-tank.
But if anything sets the country apart, according to Sherr, it is the pluralistic nature of corruption in a country run by multiple political-industrial groups uncontrolled by the central government. That gives the groups’ leaders, the so-called oligarchs, both more cause and more freedom to hire Western advisers and front men.
Rudy Giuliani among longtime Ukraine advisers
Trump’s personal attorney, former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, has been on the payrolls of various Ukrainian oligarchs, off and on, for more than a decade. In 2008, he also advised Vitali Klitschko, a pro-Western politician and former world heavyweight boxing champion, on his campaign to be elected mayor of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv. In 2017, he advised the mayor of Kharkiv on a contract paid for by local oligarch Pavel Fuks.
On Monday, Giuliani receive a subpoena from three House committees in regard to the Trump impeachment inquiry. Likewise, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has been subpoenaed.
Another American finding work in the Ukraine was Joe Biden’s son, Hunter, hired in 2014 to sit on the board of Burisma Group, one of Ukraine’s biggest natural-gas companies, for as much as $50,000 a month. He’s hardly unique: Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder chairs the boards of a controversial Russia-to-Germany natural-gas pipeline project, Nordstream 2, and of Russia’s state-controlled oil behemoth, Rosneft Oil Co PJSC.
When the U.K. froze some of Burisma’s assets after Ukraine’s 2014 Maidan revolution, the company’s founder—Energy Minister Mykola Zlochevsky, from the corrupt President Viktor Yanukovych’s era—invited both the younger Biden and Poland’s former President Aleksander Kwasniewski to join the board to polish its badly tarnished image.
Another wealthy Ukrainian, Dmitry Firtash, recently hired a pair of American lawyers: Victoria Toensing and Joseph DiGenova. The married couple have been vocal critics of former Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s Russia probe. Firtash, a former Manafort business partner, is fighting extradition to the U.S. on corruption charges.
U.S. political consultants took lucrative international work in the series of elections that followed the country’s independence from the former Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine’s oligarchs spent millions of dollars on campaigns as they tried to get their preferred political parties and candidates into office, primarily to safeguard their existing assets and gain more from the state. Viktor Yanukovych was just one such candidate.
Biden accusations reopened by Trump
Trump and Giuliani have alleged former Vice President Joe Biden in 2016 pressured Ukraine’s then government to fire the country’s chief prosecutor to prevent an investigation of Burisma and Zlochevsky, as a favor to his son. Biden did push hard for the prosecutor’s removal, in line with U.S. anti-corruption policy, but by then the Burisma probe was no longer being pursued. Ukrainian officials told Bloomberg News in May 2019 they had uncovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Hunter Biden.
The issue has been reopened in the U.S. as a House impeachment inquiry, since according to the whistleblower, Trump pressured Ukraine’s Zelensky to investigate the Biden-Burisma connection as a favor in exchange for more U.S. military aide to help the Ukraine protect itself from Russia. Trump is also accused of trying to cover-up the request. In doing so, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said the president has violated his oath of office and obligations under the Constitution.
The cost to Ukraine of its unwanted involvement in domestic U.S. politics has been immense, said Sherr, the analyst, as it tries to please both President Trump and his congressional opponents in Ukraine’s most important strategic partner and protector. “Ukraine today,” he said, “is more unsettled about relations with its partners than at any time since 2014.”
Political Gun-for-Hire
But no American political consultant worked as long or made as much money in Ukraine as Manafort. U.S. prosecutors said the political gun-for-hire made more than $60 million in Ukraine between 2010 and 2014, mostly by advising Yanukovych and his Russia-leaning Party of Regions on contracts largely funded by oligarchs. In 2010, he helped Yanukovych win the presidency, after a radical makeover designed to improve his semi-criminal image in the West.
Later, Manafort hired U.S. law firm Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom LLP to write a report defending the jailing of Yanukovych’s arch political rival, Yulia Tymoshenko. He channeled a $4 million payment, financed by a Ukrainian oligarch, to the firm through his offshore accounts to avoid public exposure, according to court filings. The Skadden report was written by a team of lawyers spearheaded by the former Obama administration White House counsel, Greg Craig.
In March, after initially violating a plea deal, Manafort was convicted in U.S. federal court of tax and bank fraud and sentenced to a 47-month jail term.
More must-read stories from Fortune:
—A running list of questions on the impeachment inquiry, answered
—5 allegations made in the declassified whistleblower complaint
—Were the whistleblower rules changed? Fact checking GOP accusations
—12 candidates qualify for October Democratic presidential debate
—How whistleblowers have taken down titans of American business
—The 25 most powerful women in politics
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